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昼夜节律

Circadian Function and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in Humanr />

Circadian Gene Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Genes and the Sleep-Wake Cycle

Circadian Metabolic Rhythms Regulated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Organization

Circadian Organization in Non-Mammalian Vertebrater />

Circadian Oscillations in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Regulation by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Regulation in Invertebrater />

Circadian Rhythm Modelr />

Circadian Rhythms in Sleepiness, Alertness, and Performance

Circadian Rhythms: Influence of Light in Humanr />

Circadian Systems: Evolution

Clock Gene Regulation of Endocrine Function

Clock Genes and Metabolic Regulation

Entrainment of Circadian Rhythmy Light

Geic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila

Geics of Circadian Disorders in Humanr />

Mammalian Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Flier />

Melatonin Regulation of Circadian Rhythmicity in Vertebrater />

Non-Photoreceptor Photoreception

Peripheral Circadian Oscillatorr />

Photoreceptors and Circadian Clockr />

Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Disturbed Sleep and Circadian Rhythmr />

Serotonin and the Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Rhythmr />

Shift Work and Circadian Rhythmr />

Single Cell Neuronal Circadian Clockr />

Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Human Aging and Dementia

Sleep and W in Drosophila

Sleep: Development and Circadian Control

Transcription Control and the Circadian Clock

季节节律

Photoperiodic Regulation of Reproductive Cycler />

Seasonal Changes in Night-Length and Impact on Human Sleep

Seasonal Hormonal Changes and Behavior

Seasonal Timing: Neural Mechanismr />

睡眠、做梦与清醒

Autonomic Dysregulati0n During REM Sleep

Cataplexy

Coma

Dopamine Control of Arousal

Dream Function

Dreams and Dreaming: Incorporation of W Eventr />

Dreams and Nightmares in PTSD

Dreams, Dreaming Theories and Correlates of Nightmarer />

Endocrine Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

Hibernation

Immune Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep

Napping

Narcolepr />

Nightmarer />

Parasomniar />

Pharmacology of Sleep: Adenosine

Reticular Activating System

Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Human Aging and Dementia

Sleep and Sleep States: Gene Expression

Sleep and Sleep States: Hippocampus-Neocortex Dialog

Sleep and Sleep States: Histamine Role

Sleep and Sleep States: Hypothalamic Regulation

Sleep and Sleep States: Network Reactivation

Sleep and Sleep States: PET Activation Patternr />

Sleep and Sleep States: Phylogeny and Ontogeny

Sleep and Sleep States: Thalamic Regulation

Sleep Apnea

Sleep Architecture

Sleep Deprivation and Brain Function

sleep Deprivation: Neurobehavioral Changer />

Sleep in Adolescentr />

Sleep in Aging

Sleep Mentation in REM and NREM: A Neurocognitive Perspective

Sleep Oscillationr />

Sleep Oscillations and PGO Waver />

Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine in Historical Perspective

Sleep-Dependent Memory Processing

Sleeping Sickner />

Sleep-Wake State Regulation by Acetylcholine

Sleep-Wake State Regulation by Noradrenaline and Serotonin

Stimulant and Wake-Promoting Substancer />

The AIM Model of Dreaming, Sleeping, and W Consciousner />

Thermoregulation during Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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;;;;The alternation of light and dark is the most reliable timing cue on our pla, and therefore it is not surprising that the retina has evolved a precise timing mechanism that allows it to anticipate and then to adapt to the more than 1 million-fold change in light intensity during a 24 h period. The retina was the first extra-S oscillator to be discovered in mammals. Several studies have now demonstrated that many of the physiological, cellular, and molecular rhythms that are present within the retina are under the control of a circadian clock, or more likely a series of circadian clocks that are present within this tissue （Figure 1）. For example, the disk shing that occurs in the rod photoreceptors is under circadian control. Shing persists in animals with S lesions or a transected optic nerve, indicating its independence from the central circadian pacemaker. itional studies have reported that sensitivity to light-induced photoreceptor damage is modulated by the circadian clock via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）-dependent pathway. Other important retinal functions, such as visual sensitivity, are also under circadian control. Although results from these studies suggested that retinal physiology was regulated by a circadian clock, they were not sufficient to conclude that an independent circadian pacemaker was located within the retinal tissue. The definitive demonstration of the presence of an autonomous retinal clock in mammals was achieved a few years ago when it was shown that a circadian rhythm of melatonin release persisted in mammalian retinas maintained in culture. In light/ dark cycles, melatonin levels were high during the night and low during the day. In constant darkness, the circadian rhythm of melatonin release free-ran, exhibiting a period close to 24 h. The circadian rhythm of melatonin release in the retina can be entrained by light in vitro and is temperature compensated. Such results demonstrated that the retina can be considered a bona fide circadian pacemaker, since it satisfies the three fundamental properties （i.e., freerunning, entrainment, and temperature compensation） that describe a circadian rhythm.

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