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He said he had concluded that the source of emotions is purely visceral, that is, originating in the body and not cognitive, originating in the mind, and that there is probably no brain center for emotional expression. We perceive events and have bodily feelings, and then after the perception, which joggles our memories and imagination, we label our physical sensation as one or another emotion. However, he believed that there was in fact no such entity as emotion. There is simply perception and bodily response. The immediate sensory and motor reverberations that occur in response to the perception -- the pounding heart, the tight stomach, the tensed muscles, the sweaty palms -- are the emotions. And the emotions are felt throughout the body as sensations.

Every change in the physiological state is accompanied by an appropriate change in the mental emotional state, conscious or unconscious, and conversely, every change in the mental emotional state, conscious or unconscious, is accompanied by an appropriate change in the physiological state.

The body is unconscious mind! Repressed traumas caused by overwhelming emotion can be stored in a body part, thereafter affecting our ability to feel that part or even move it. The new work suggests there are almost infinite pathways for the conscious mind and the body, and also provides an explanation for a number of phenomena that the emotional theorists have been considering.

Because of the research I've been describing, we can no longer consider the emotional brain to be confined to the classical locations of the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. For example, we have discovered other anatomical locations where high concentrations of almost every neuropeptide receptor exist, locations such as the dorsal horn, or back side of the spinal cord, which is the first synapse within the nervous system where all somatosensory information is processed. Not just opiate receptors but almost every peptide receptor we looked for could be found in this spinal-cord site that filters all incoming bodily sensations. In fact, we have found that in virtually all locations where information from any of the five senses- sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch-enters the nervous...

These nodal points seem to be designed so that they can be accessed and modulated by almost all neuropeptides as they go about their job of processing information, prioritizing it, and biasing it to cause unique neurophysiological changes. For example, the nucleus of Barrington is one such nodal point, since it contains many neuropeptide receptors, and depending on what neuropeptide is occupying its receptors, feelings related to sexual arousal or bathroom functions can be switched or modified, made unconscious, or moved to the most urgent priority. Emotions and bodily sensations are thus intricately intertwined, in a bidirectional network in which each can alter the other. Usually this process takes place at an unconscious level, but it can also surface into consciousness under certain c...

A rat that learns a maze or receives a shock while under the influence of a drug (which you can now visualize as an external ligand that binds to receptors in the brain and body) will remember how to solve the maze or avoid the shock most efficiently if the rat is retested under the influence of the same drug. When we consider emotions as chemical ligands-that is to say, peptides-we can better understand the phenomenon known as dissociated states of learning, or state-dependent recall. Just as a drug facilitates recall of an earlier learning experience under the influence of that same drug for the rat, so the emotion-carrying peptide ligand facilitates memory in human beings. The emotion is the equivalent of the drug, both being ligands that bind to receptors in the body. What this transla...

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